Data

# Loading email data set: consists of "text data" and "dummy variable"
email_df <- data.table::fread( "spam_or_not_spam.csv", header = T )
# Randomizing data
set.seed(46234)
email_df <- email_df[ sample( 1:nrow( email_df ) ),  ]
# Factoring dummy variable
email_df$label <- factor( email_df$label )

Packages Used

library(pacman)
p_load(fastverse, magrittr, here, skimr, dplyr, 
       ggplot2, ggthemes, equatiomatic, gridExtra, 
       caret, naivebayes, knitr, kableExtra, shiny, 
       data.table, tidymodels, ggthemes, wordcloud,
       tm, SnowballC, RColorBrewer, e1071, data.table, 
       stringr, disk.frame, knitr, ranger, DT
      )

Preprocessing & Cleaning (stemming)

To retrieve the root of a word (eg, doing -> do), options are “stemming” &“lemmatization”.

STEMMING: faster but maybe not as effective
LEMMATIZATION: slower but more effective
More on this: Here

VectorSource(): creates one document for each email
Vcorpus(): creates a volatile corpus from these individual emails

email_corpus <- VCorpus(
                  VectorSource(
                      email_df$email
                      )
                  )

# Using `tm` package to stem email content
email_corpus <- tm::tm_map( email_corpus, 
                            tm::stemDocument )

# Removing puctuations
email_corpus = tm_map( email_corpus, 
                       removePunctuation )

# Removing stopwords
email_corpus <- tm_map( email_corpus, 
                       removeWords, stopwords( "en" ) )

# OPTIONAL -- Removing two most frequent stopwords: "NUMBER", "URL"
 email_corpus <- tm_map( email_corpus,
 removeWords, c("NUMBER", "number", "url", "URL") )
 
# Testing keeping URL
 # email_corpus <- tm_map( email_corpus,
                        # removeWords, c("NUMBER", "number") )
 
# OPTIONAL -- Removing extra white space
# email_corpus <- tm_map( email_corpus,
#                         stringr::str_squish)
 
# DocumentTermMatrix(): tokenize the email corpus.
email_dtm <- tm::DocumentTermMatrix( sample( email_corpus, length( email_corpus ) ) )

Preprocessed Data for Visualization

reverse_email <- data.frame(
                text = sapply( email_corpus, as.character ), 
                stringsAsFactors = FALSE, 
                type = email_df$label
                )

Most Frequent Words in Data

Visualing text data after cleaning and pre-processing

wordcloud( reverse_email$text, 
           max.words = 150, 
           colors = brewer.pal( 7, "Dark2" ), 
           random.order = FALSE )

Subsetting spam vs. non-spam datasets

Visualizing most frequent words in spam data

# Subsetting to spam == 1
spam <- reverse_email %>% filter( type == 1 )
wordcloud( spam$text, 
           max.words = 150, 
           colors = brewer.pal( 7, "Dark2" ), 
           random.order = FALSE,
           main = "Spam")

Visualing most frequent words in non-spam data

# Subsetting to spam == 0
ham <- reverse_email %>% filter( type == 0 )
wordcloud( ham$text, 
           max.words = 150, 
           colors = brewer.pal( 7, "Dark2" ), 
           random.order = FALSE,
           main = "Non-Spam")

Splitting Data

Data is sorted randomly, so it’s easy to split Testing vs. Training

email_dtm_train <- email_dtm[   1:2400, ]         # 80% training
email_dtm_test  <- email_dtm[2401:3000, ]         # 20% testing

# Adding labels for convenience
email_train_label <- email_df[   1:2400, ]$label
email_test_label  <- email_df[2401:3000, ]$label

Checking that data is split proportionally

prop_table = data.frame(c(prop.table( table( email_train_label ) )[[2]], #Train
                          prop.table( table( email_train_label ) )[[1]]),
                        c(prop.table( table( email_test_label ) )[[2]], # Test
                          prop.table( table( email_test_label ) )[[1]])
                        )

rownames(prop_table) = c("Spam", "Non-Spam")
names(prop_table) = c("Train", "Test")
kable(prop_table, digits = 3) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"))

	Train	Test
Spam	0.17	0.152
Non-Spam	0.83	0.848

Trimming: reducing number of features

We currently have 25,050 variables (too many!)
Defining threshold (eg. 1 == 1%) Goal: Eliminate words that appear in __% of records in the training data

min_freq <- round( email_dtm$nrow * ( ( threshold = 10.0 ) / 100 ),     # using 10%
               0 
              )

Create vector of most frequent words

freq_words <- findFreqTerms( x = email_dtm, 
                             lowfreq = min_freq )

# Filter the DTM
email_dtm_freq_train <- email_dtm_train[ , freq_words]
email_dtm_freq_test  <- email_dtm_test[ , freq_words]

The list of our most frequent words

# I know there's probably a quicker way todo this but hey it was only 14 lines
freq_words_plus_1 =  c(freq_words, "")
freq_words_dt = data.frame(
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq( 1+0*1,16*1)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(1*16+1,16*2)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(2*16+1,16*3)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(3*16+1,16*4)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(4*16+1,16*5)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(5*16+1,16*6)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(6*16+1,16*7)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(7*16+1,16*8)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(8*16+1,16*9)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(9*16+1,16*10)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(10*16+1,16*11)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(11*16+1,16*12)]),
  c(freq_words_plus_1[seq(12*16+1,16*13)])
)

# datatable(freq_words_dt, rownames = FALSE, colnames = FALSE, filter="none", options = list(pageLength = 13, scrollX=T) )

kable(freq_words_dt, digits = 3, col.names = NULL) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive")) %>% 
  column_spec (1:13,border_left = T, border_right = T) %>% 
  row_spec(1:16, extra_css = "border-bottom: 1px solid")

actual	can	differ	found	instal	long	much	onli	problem	right	site	test	want
address	case	doe	free	interest	look	must	order	process	rpm	softwar	thank	way
also	chang	doesn	get	internet	lot	name	origin	product	run	someth	thing	web
american	check	don	give	invest	made	nation	packag	program	said	spam	think	week
ani	click	email	good	issu	mail	need	part	provid	say	spamassassin	time	well
anoth	code	end	got	just	make	net	peopl	put	secur	sponsor	today	whi
anyon	com	error	govern	keep	manag	network	perl	rate	see	start	trade	will
back	come	even	great	know	mani	never	person	razor	seem	state	tri	window
base	compani	everi	group	last	market	new	phone	read	send	still	two	within
becaus	comput	exmh	help	life	may	next	place	real	sent	subject	type	without
befor	countri	file	high	like	mean	now	pleas	realli	sep	support	unit	work
best	current	find	home	line	messag	numbertnumber	point	receiv	server	sure	unsubscrib	world
better	data	first	hyperlink	link	might	offer	post	releas	servic	system	use	write
build	date	follow	idea	linux	million	old	power	remov	set	take	user	wrote
busi	day	fork	includ	list	money	onc	price	report	show	talk	veri	year
call	develop	form	inform	live	month	one	probabl	requir	sinc	technolog	version

Final, cleaned, prepared dataset

# Simple dummy transformation fn.
convert_values <- function(x){
                    x = ifelse( x > 0, "Yes", "No" )
}

# Declaring final `train` and `test` datasets
email_train <- apply( email_dtm_freq_train, MARGIN = 2,
                      convert_values )
email_test  <- apply( email_dtm_freq_test, MARGIN = 2,
                      convert_values )

Preview data

library(DT)
datatable(email_train, rownames = FALSE, filter="none", options = list(pageLength = 5, scrollX=T) )

Methods

# I got all of this code from stackoverflow by doing some simple googling for how to display a confusion matrix
## Source https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23891140/r-how-to-visualize-confusion-matrix-using-the-caret-package

draw_confusion_matrix <- function(cm) {
  total <- sum(cm$table)
  res <- as.numeric(cm$table)
  # Generate color gradients. Palettes come from RColorBrewer.
  greenPalette <- c("#F7FCF5","#E5F5E0","#C7E9C0","#A1D99B","#74C476","#41AB5D","#238B45","#006D2C","#00441B")
  redPalette <- c("#FFF5F0","#FEE0D2","#FCBBA1","#FC9272","#FB6A4A","#EF3B2C","#CB181D","#A50F15","#67000D")
  getColor <- function (greenOrRed = "green", amount = 0) {
    if (amount == 0)
      return("#FFFFFF")
    palette <- greenPalette
    if (greenOrRed == "red")
      palette <- redPalette
    colorRampPalette(palette)(100)[10 + ceiling(90 * amount / total)]
  }
  # set the basic layout
  layout(matrix(c(1,1,2)))
  par(mar=c(2,2,2,2))
  plot(c(100, 345), c(300, 450), type = "n", xlab="", ylab="", xaxt='n', yaxt='n')
  title('Confusion Matrix', cex.main=2)
  # create the matrix 
  classes = colnames(cm$table)
  rect(150, 430, 240, 370, col=getColor("green", res[1]))
  text(195, 435, "Non-Spam", cex=1.2)
  rect(250, 430, 340, 370, col=getColor("red", res[3]))
  text(295, 435, "Spam", cex=1.2)
  text(125, 370, 'Predicted', cex=1.3, srt=90, font=2)
  text(245, 450, 'Actual', cex=1.3, font=2)
  rect(150, 305, 240, 365, col=getColor("red", res[2]))
  rect(250, 305, 340, 365, col=getColor("green", res[4]))
  text(140, 400, "Non-Spam", cex=1.2, srt=90)
  text(140, 335, "Spam", cex=1.2, srt=90)
  # add in the cm results
  text(195, 400, res[1], cex=1.6, font=2, col='black')
  text(195, 335, res[2], cex=1.6, font=2, col='black')
  text(295, 400, res[3], cex=1.6, font=2, col='black')
  text(295, 335, res[4], cex=1.6, font=2, col='black')
  # add in the specifics 
  plot(c(100, 0), c(100, 0), type = "n", xlab="", ylab="", main = "Metrics", xaxt='n', yaxt='n')
  text(10, 85, names(cm$byClass[1]), cex=1.2, font=2)
  text(10, 70, round(as.numeric(cm$byClass[1]), 3), cex=1.2)
  text(30, 85, names(cm$byClass[2]), cex=1.2, font=2)
  text(30, 70, round(as.numeric(cm$byClass[2]), 3), cex=1.2)
  text(50, 85, names(cm$byClass[5]), cex=1.2, font=2)
  text(50, 70, round(as.numeric(cm$byClass[5]), 3), cex=1.2)
  text(70, 85, names(cm$byClass[6]), cex=1.2, font=2)
  text(70, 70, round(as.numeric(cm$byClass[6]), 3), cex=1.2)
  text(90, 85, names(cm$byClass[7]), cex=1.2, font=2)
  text(90, 70, round(as.numeric(cm$byClass[7]), 3), cex=1.2)
  # add in the accuracy information 
  text(30, 35, names(cm$overall[1]), cex=1.5, font=2)
  text(30, 20, round(as.numeric(cm$overall[1]), 3), cex=1.4)
  text(70, 35, names(cm$overall[2]), cex=1.5, font=2)
  text(70, 20, round(as.numeric(cm$overall[2]), 3), cex=1.4)
}

Naive Bayes

#Create model from the training dataset
bayes_classifier <- e1071::naiveBayes( email_train, 
                                       email_train_label )

# Predicting on test data
email_test_pred <- predict( bayes_classifier, 
                            email_test )

Naive Bayes Results

# Display results
naive_bayes_results = confusionMatrix( data = email_test_pred, 
                                       reference = email_test_label,
                                       positive = "1", 
                                       dnn = c("Prediction", "Actual") )

draw_confusion_matrix(naive_bayes_results)

Lasso

# Splitting for 5-fold cross-validation
folds <- email_train %>% vfold_cv(v = 5)

# Defining Lambdas (from Lecture 005)
lambdas <- data.frame( penalty = c( 0, 10^seq( from = 5, to = -2, length = 100 ) ) )

# Defining the recipe
data_recipe <- recipe(
                email_train_label ~ ., 
                data = email_train 
                ) %>% 
              update_role(V1, new_role = 'id variable')  %>% 
              step_dummy(all_nominal(), - all_outcomes())

# Defining Lasso Model
lasso <- linear_reg(
          penalty = tune(), 
          mixture = 1) %>% 
          set_engine("glmnet")

# Setting up workflow
workflow_lasso <- workflow() %>%
                    add_recipe( data_recipe ) %>%
                    add_model( lasso )
# Parallelize 
doParallel::registerDoParallel(cores = 4)

# CV
lasso_cv <- workflow_lasso %>% 
              tune_grid(
                resamples = folds,
                grid = lambdas,
                metrics = metric_set(rmse, mae)
              )

Lasso Results

# Find best models            ( source: juliasilge.com/blog/lasso-the-office/ )
lasso_cv %>% collect_metrics() %>%
            ggplot(aes(penalty, mean, color = .metric)) +
            geom_errorbar(aes(
              ymin = mean - std_err,
              ymax = mean + std_err
            ),
            alpha = 0.5
            ) +
            geom_line(size = 1.5) +
            facet_wrap(~.metric, scales = "free", nrow = 2) +
            theme(legend.position = "none") + theme_base() + 
            # xlim(0, 1000) +
            scale_x_log10()

best_lasso_mae = lasso_cv %>% show_best(metric = "mae") %>% filter(penalty == min(penalty))
best_lasso_rmse = lasso_cv %>% show_best(metric = "rmse") %>% filter(penalty == min(penalty))
best_lasso = rbind(best_lasso_mae, best_lasso_rmse)
names(best_lasso) = c("Penalty", "Metric", "Estimator", "Mean", "n", "Standard Error", ".config")
kable(best_lasso, digits = 3) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"))

Penalty	Metric	Estimator	Mean	n	Standard Error	.config
0.031	mae	standard	0.283	5	0.002	Preprocessor1_Model009
0.023	rmse	standard	0.376	5	0.004	Preprocessor1_Model007

# Get test accuracy
best_lasso_workflow = workflow_lasso %>%
  finalize_workflow(select_best(lasso_cv, metric = "mae")) %>%
  fit(data = email_train)

best_lasso = best_lasso_workflow %>% extract_fit_parsnip()

## Clean test data
email_test_clean = recipe(
                email_test_label ~ ., 
                data = email_test 
                ) %>% 
              update_role(V1, new_role = 'id variable')  %>% 
              step_dummy(all_nominal(), - all_outcomes()) %>%
              prep() %>% juice()

## Make predictions
lasso_predictions = predict(best_lasso, email_test_clean)
lasso_predictions = lasso_predictions %>% mutate(prediction = ifelse(.pred < 0.5, 0, 1))
email_test_clean$predictions = lasso_predictions$prediction

## Calculate accuracy
email_test_clean = email_test_clean %>% mutate(accurate = ifelse(predictions == email_test_label, 1, 0))
acc = sum(email_test_clean$accurate) / nrow(email_test_clean)
# print(acc)

Logistic Lasso

# Set seed
set.seed(9753)
# converting outcome variable into character vector
email_train <- email_train %>% 
                  mutate(
                    outcome_as_vector = ifelse(email_train_label == 1, "Yes", "No")
                  ) 
# Split for 5-fold cross-validation
folds <- vfold_cv(email_train, v = 5)
# Defining the recipe
data_recipe <- recipe(
                  outcome_as_vector ~ ., 
                  data = email_train 
                ) %>% 
                  step_rm(email_train_label) %>% 
                  update_role(V1, new_role = 'id variable') %>%
                  # step_num2factor( email_train_label ) %>% 
                  step_dummy(all_nominal(), - all_outcomes()) %>%
                  step_zv(all_predictors()) %>%
                  step_normalize(all_predictors())
# Defining Lambdas (from Lecture 005)
lambdas <- data.frame( penalty = c( 0, 10^seq( from = 5, to = -2, length = 100 ) ) )
# Defining Lasso Model
log_lasso <- logistic_reg(
            mode = 'classification',
            penalty = tune(), 
            mixture = 1) %>% 
            set_engine("glmnet")
# Setting up workflow
workflow_lasso <- workflow() %>%
                    add_recipe( data_recipe ) %>%
                    add_model( log_lasso )
# Parallelize 
# doParallel::registerDoParallel(cores = 4)
# CV
log_lasso_cv <- workflow_lasso %>% 
                tune_grid(
                  resamples = folds,
                  metrics = metric_set(accuracy, roc_auc, sens, spec, precision),
                  grid = grid_latin_hypercube(penalty(), size = 5),
                  # grid = grid_latin_hypercube(penalty() , mixture(), size = 20),
                  control = control_grid(parallel_over = 'resamples')
                )

Logistic Lasso Results

# Find best models            ( source: juliasilge.com/blog/lasso-the-office/ )
# log_lasso_cv %>% collect_metrics() %>% arrange(mean) %>%
#                 ggplot(aes(penalty, mean, color = .metric)) +
#                 # geom_line(size = 1.5) +
#                 # geom_errorbar(aes(
#                 #   ymin = mean - std_err,
#                 #   ymax = mean + std_err
#                 # ),
#                 # alpha = 0.5
#                 # ) +
#                 geom_smooth(aes(penalty, mean, color = .metric)
#                             , size = 1 
#                             , alpha = 0.5
#                             , method = "lm") +
#                 # facet_wrap(~.metric, scales = "free", nrow = 3) +
#                 # scale_x_log10() +
#                 # scale_y_log10() +
#                 theme(legend.position = "none") + theme_base() #+ xlim(0, 0.1)
log_lasso_cv_results = log_lasso_cv %>% collect_metrics() %>% group_by(.metric) %>% summarize(mean_accuracy = mean(mean, na.rm = T))
log_lasso_cv_results[1] = c("Accuracy", 
                       "Precision", 
                       "Area Under the Curve", 
                       "Sensitivity", 
                       "Specificity")
names(log_lasso_cv_results) = c("Metric", "Mean")
kable(log_lasso_cv_results, digits = 3) %>% 
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"))

Metric	Mean
Accuracy	0.809
Precision	0.831
Area Under the Curve	0.508
Sensitivity	0.967
Specificity	0.040

Logistic

# set.seed(9754)
set.seed(9753)
# converting outcome variable into character vector
email_train <- email_train %>% 
                        mutate(
                          outcome_as_vector = ifelse(email_train_label == 1, "Yes", "No")
                        ) 
# Split for 5-fold cross-validation
folds <- vfold_cv(email_train, v = 5)
# small sample of data 
# sample <- email_train[, ]
# Defining the recipe
data_recipe <- recipe(
                  outcome_as_vector ~ ., 
                  data = email_train 
                    ) %>% 
                  step_rm(email_train_label) %>% 
                  update_role(V1, new_role = 'id variable') %>%
                  # step_num2factor( email_train_label ) %>% 
                  step_dummy(all_nominal(), - all_outcomes()) %>%
                  step_zv(all_predictors()) %>%
                  step_normalize(all_predictors())
# Define the model
model_logistic <- logistic_reg(
                    mode = 'classification') %>%    # Simple LogReg bc no penalty
                    set_engine('glm')
# Workflow
workflow_logistic <- workflow() %>% 
                      add_recipe(data_recipe) %>% 
                      add_model(model_logistic)
# Cross-Validation
cv_logistic <- workflow_logistic %>%
                fit_resamples(
                  resamples = folds,
                  metrics = metric_set(accuracy, roc_auc, sens, spec, precision)
                )

Logistic Regression Results

# Visualizing output
log_reg_results = cv_logistic %>% collect_metrics() %>% 
      select(.metric, mean)
log_reg_results[1] = c("Accuracy", 
                       "Precision", 
                       "Area Under the Curve", 
                       "Sensitivity", 
                       "Specificity")
names(log_reg_results) = c("Metric", "Mean")
kable(log_reg_results, digits = 3) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"))

Metric	Mean
Accuracy	0.797
Precision	0.832
Area Under the Curve	0.511
Sensitivity	0.947
Specificity	0.071

Random Forests

random_forest <- train(
                  x = email_train_rf,
                  y = email_train_label_rf,
                  method = "ranger", 
                  num.trees = 200,
                  importance = "impurity",
                  trControl = trainControl(method = "cv", 
                                           number = 3,
                                           verboseIter = TRUE
                  )
                )

## Aggregating results
## Selecting tuning parameters
## Fitting mtry = 2, splitrule = gini, min.node.size = 1 on full training set

Random Forests Results

# Checking "variable importances 
top_25words = varImp(random_forest, scale = TRUE)$importance %>% 
                rownames_to_column() %>% 
                arrange(-Overall) %>% 
                top_n(25)

## Selecting by Overall

# ggplot(data = top_25words) + 
# aes(x = reorder(rowname, Overall), y = Overall) +
# geom_col(stat = "identify") + 
# labs(title = "Most Predictive Words") +
# coord_flip()

ggplot(data = top_25words, 
   aes(x=reorder(rowname, Overall),
       y = Overall)) +
        geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
        theme_base() +
        theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=50, hjust=1))+
        xlab("Top 25 Predictive Words(stemed)")+
        ylab("Frequency of Word") +
        labs(title = "Most Predictive Words") +
        theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

# Redeclaring `email_test`
email_test  <- apply( email_dtm_freq_test, MARGIN = 2,
                      convert_values )
email_test <- cbind( email_test, 
                     email_test_label )

# Fitting to the test data
predictions <- predict(random_forest, email_test)
random_forest_results = confusionMatrix(predictions, email_test_label)
draw_confusion_matrix(random_forest_results)

beepr::beep(sound = 3)

Results

# Creating df with different metrics and results
comparing_acc_table = data.frame(
  
  c(
    "Naive Bayes",
    "Lasso",
    "Logistic Lasso",
    "Logistic",
    "Random Forest"
    ),
  
  c(
    naive_bayes_results[["overall"]][["Accuracy"]],
    acc,
    log_lasso_cv_results$Mean[1],
    log_reg_results$Mean[1],
    random_forest_results[["overall"]][["Accuracy"]]
    ),
  
  c(
    naive_bayes_results[["byClass"]][["Sensitivity"]],
    0,
    log_lasso_cv_results$Mean[4],
    log_reg_results$Mean[4],
    random_forest_results[["byClass"]][["Sensitivity"]]
  ),
  
  c(
    naive_bayes_results[["byClass"]][["Specificity"]],
    1,
    log_lasso_cv_results$Mean[5],
    log_reg_results$Mean[5],
    random_forest_results[["byClass"]][["Specificity"]]
  )
  
)

names(comparing_acc_table) = c("Method", "Accuracy", "Sensitivity", "Specificity")
kable(comparing_acc_table, digits = 3) %>% 
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"))

Method	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity
Naive Bayes	0.788	0.044	0.921
Lasso	0.848	0.000	1.000
Logistic Lasso	0.809	0.967	0.040
Logistic	0.797	0.947	0.071
Random Forest	0.847	0.998	0.000

Spam Emails

Cyrus Tadjiki, Zoë Arnaut, Octavio Lima

March 9th 2022